In order to produce enough food for rapidly growing populations, agricultural land use in Asia has become very intense 2. Of these rice fields, nearly 90% are located in Asia (World Rice Statistics database, available at, hereinafter referred to as WRS database). Rice is a major staple food for almost 50% of the world’s population, and rice fields account for more than 12% of the global cropland area 1. Our study indirectly provides a new evidence that oilseed rape is an excellent previous crop for cereals. This was attributed to increased panicle m −2 and total aboveground biomass while spikelets panicle −1, spikelet filling percentage, grain weight, and harvest index were not affected. Results showed that application of earthworm castings produced during the oilseed rape-growing season in rice-oilseed rape cropping fields had a significant positive yield effect on rice. In 2017, nine rice cultivars were grown under EC 0 and EC 1 with the moderate N rate as was used in 2016. In 2016, a rice cultivar was grown under a factorial combination of absence (EC 0: 0 kg m −2) and presence of earthworm castings (EC 1: 17 kg m −2) with three N application rates (9, 12 and 15 g m −2). Field microplot experiments were conducted in 20. This study was conducted to determine the effect on rice yield of earthworm castings produced during the oilseed rape-growing season in rice-oilseed rape cropping fields and to identify the critical factors that contribute to the yield effect. In-field earthworm density can be increased by planting oilseed rape during the non-rice growing season as compared to maintaining the rice-growing fields in fallow.
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